• joint pain and other bone pain
• fatigue
• breathlessness
• rapid heart rate
• delayed growth and puberty
• susceptibility to infections
• ulcers on the lower legs (in adolescents and adults)
• jaundice
• bone pain
• attacks of abdominal pain
• fever

Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease:

• bloody urine (hematuria)
• excessive urination, excessive volume
• thirst, excessive
• unwanted painful erection (priapism; this occurs in 10-40% of men with the disease)
• chest pain
• poor eyesight/blindness

Common signs include:

• paleness
• yellow eyes/skin
• growth retardation

Tests commonly performed to diagnose and monitor patients with sickle cell anemia include:

• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Hemoglobin electrophoresis
• Sickle cell test

Patients with sickle cell may have abnormal results on certain tests, as follows:

• peripheral smear displaying sickle cells
• urinary casts or blood in the urine
• Hemoglobin; serum decreased
• elevated bilirubin
• high white blood cell count
• elevated serum potassium
• elevated serum creatinine
• blood oxygen saturation may be decreased
• CT scan or MRI can display strokes in certain circumstances