The goals of treatment are elimination of the infection, preservation of the tooth, and prevention of complications. Antibiotics may be given to fight the infection. Warm salt-water rinses may be soothing. Over-the-counter pain relievers may relieve the toothache and fever. Do not place aspirin directly over the tooth or gums because this increases irritation of the tissues and can result in mouth ulcers.

Root canal surgery may be recommended in an attempt to preserve the tooth. The center of the tooth, including the nerve and vascular tissue (pulp), is removed along with decayed portions of the tooth. The root and surface of the tooth remain in place. The cavity that is created in the core is filled and repaired, and a crown may be placed over the tooth.

Surgical drainage of the abscess or extraction of the affected tooth may be necessary.

• Loss of the tooth
• Spread of infection to soft tissue (facial cellulitis, Ludwig's angina)
• Spread of infection to the jaw bone (osteomyelitis of the mandible or maxilla)
• Spread of infection to other areas of the body resulting in cerebral abscess, endocarditis, pneumonia, or other disorders