• Prematurity
• Small birth weight infant
• Increased or prolonged jaundice
• Skin rash (petechiae or ecchymosis) at birth

The physical examination may show signs of:

• Chorioretinitis
• Cerebral calcifications
• Hydrocephalus
• Macrocephaly or microcephaly
• Lymphadenopathy
• Anemia

Late manifestations (signs and symptoms that occur late in the disease) include:

• Seizures
• Mental retardation
• Various neurological manifestations
• Visual impairment
• Hearing loss

Tests include:

• Prenatal diagnosis maternal antibodies (see antibody titer)
• Ultrasound of the abdomen
• Amniotic fluid and fetal blood testing

Postnatal diagnosis:

• CT scan
• Standard ophthalmic examination
• Neurological examinations
• Antibody studies on cord blood and cerebrospinal fluid
• TORCH screen