Bladder stones
Definition
Bladder stones are hard buildups of mineral that form in the urinary bladder.
Alternative Names
Stones - bladder; Urinary tract stones; Bladder calculiCauses
Bladder stones are usually the result of another urologic problem, such as:
- Bladder diverticulum
- Enlarged prostate
- Neurogenic bladder
- Urinary tract infection
Approximately 95% of all bladder stones occur in men. Bladder stones are much less common than kidney stones.
Bladder stones may occur when urine in the bladder is concentrated and materials crystallize. Symptoms occur when the stone irritates the lining of the bladder or obstructs the flow of urine from the bladder.
Symptoms
- Abdominal pain, pressure
- Abnormally colored or dark-colored urine
- Blood in the urine
- Difficulty urinating
- Frequent urge to urinate
- Inability to urinate except in certain positions
- Interruption of the urine stream
- Pain, discomfort in the penis
- Urinary tract infection
- Dysuria (painful urination)
- Fever
- Urinary urgency
Incontinence may also be associated with bladder stones.
Exams and Tests
- Bladder or pelvic x-ray may show the presence of stones.
- Cystoscopy can reveal a stone in the bladder.
- Physical examination, including rectal examination, may reveal enlarged prostate or other urologic conditions.
- Urinalysis may show blood in the urine or an infection.
- Urine culture (clean catch) may reveal infection.
Treatment
Drinking 6 - 8 glasses of water or more per day to increase urinary output may help the stones pass.
Your health care provider may remove stones that do not pass on their own using a cystoscope (a small tube that passes through the urethra to the bladder). Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) uses ultrasonic waves to break up stones.
Some stones may need to be removed using open surgery.
Medications are rarely used to dissolve the stones.
Causes of bladder stones should be treated. Most commonly bladder stones are seen with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or bladder outlet obstruction.
For patients with BPH and bladder stones, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) can be performed with ESWL.
Outlook (Prognosis)
Most bladder stones are expelled or can be removed without permanent damage to the bladder. They may come back if the cause is not corrected.
If the stones are left untreated, they may cause repeated urinary tract infections or permanent damage to the bladder or kidneys.
Possible Complications
- Acute bilateral obstructive uropathy
- Chronic bladder dysfunction (incontinence or urinary retention)
- Obstruction of the urethra
- Recurrence of stones
- Reflux nephropathy
- Urinary tract infection
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of bladder stones.
Prevention
Prompt treatment of urinary tract infections or other urologic conditions may help prevent bladder stones.
References
Segura JW. Lower Urinary Tract Calculi. In: Wein AJ. Wein: Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 84.
Reviewed By: Scott M. Gilbert, MD, Department of Urology, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
