Headaches: Tension-Type

Description

Treatment

In cases where abnormalities or injuries in the cervical spine (the spinal bones in the neck) cause headaches, a cervical epidural nerve block may be beneficial in treating and preventing further pain. This procedure involves injecting small amounts of a corticosteroid and anesthetic into spaces between the vertebrae in the neck to block the nerves. Some patients have reported significant pain relief from this procedure.

Dental Approaches

Dental Adjustment. Some reports suggest that dental adjustment to help teeth bite down evenly might help some people with TMJ and chronic headaches. The results indicated that dental adjustments may be helpful. A systematic review in 2003, however, reported no headache relief from this approach.

Nociceptive Trigeminal Inhibition. A dental device called the NTI (nociceptive trigeminal inhibition) tension suppression system has been approved for relief of headaches due to jaw clenching during the night. The small plastic mouthpiece is fitted by a dentist and slips over the two front teeth, preventing teeth clenching at night. Preliminary studies report some benefits for relief of migraines and associated tension-type headaches. Research is continuing.

Acupuncture and Similar Techniques

Techniques using acupuncture points on the body have become popular for managing pain. And some are showing benefits.

Standard Acupuncture. A major 2001 analysis of 26 trials of acupuncture suggested that it may have some benefit for tension headache, but the evidence to date is not completely convincing. Some studies comparing short-term acupuncture to sham procedures report no benefits. Long-term and well-conducted studies are needed.

Acupuncture, hypnosis and biofeedback are all alternative ways to control pain. Acupuncture involves the insertion of tiny sterile needles, slightly thicker than a human hair, at specific points on the body.

Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation. A technique called percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) uses low-level electrical pulses delivered through acupuncture needles into soft tissue. Patients are barely aware of the sensation. Some studies are showing some benefits, but strong evidence is still lacking to confirm or refute its benefits.

Acupressure. One acupressure practitioner reports that pressing for 60 seconds on the web space between the forefinger and thumb of the dominant hand erases headache in patients with migraine and tension-type headaches. The specific spot pressed should be the most tender point in the web area. The patient should then lie down for about 15 minutes.

Muscle Stimulation

Two investigative procedures called automated or electrical twitch obtaining intramuscular stimulation (ATOIMS or ETOIMS) are showing promise. ATOIMS uses an automated mechanical device that vibrates the muscle using a tiny pin. (The sensation is described as similar to a mosquito bite.) ETOIMS uses an extremely mild electrical current. They can also be used together. Both approaches cause the muscles to twitch and relax and then the process is stopped. Discomfort is minimal. Small studies are reporting some help in relieving a number of conditions that cause chronic pain, including tension headache.

Spinal Manipulation

A 2001 review of the few small studies that have been conducted suggest that spinal manipulation by chiropractors or osteopaths may have some benefits for preventing tension-type headaches. Evidence is stronger on benefits of spinal manipulation for patients with headaches originating from nerve or muscular problems in the neck. In fact, some experts believe that tension-type headaches relieved by spinal manipulation are probably really caused by neck problems.

The Procedure. Although techniques vary, the basic approach is to manipulate and stretch the spine beyond an elastic barrier of resistance but not so far as to impair the structure. The vertebrae may be moved directly or by stretching a muscle, such as in the thigh.

Side Effects and Complications. Side effects of spinal manipulation include local or radiating discomfort, headache, and fatigue; they rarely last longer than 24 hours. It should be noted that there have been reports of stroke or blood clots after spinal manipulation in the neck area, even in people without a previous history of these events. Although these complications are rare, people should be aware of these dangers.