Stroke

Description

Alternative Names

Prognosis

A stroke is always serious. Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the US. In 1999, 167,366 Americans died of stroke. The mortality rates are declining, however. Over 75% of patients survive a first stroke during the first year and over half survive beyond five years.

The Severity of an Ischemic Versus Hemorrhagic Stroke

People who suffer ischemic strokes have a much better chance for survival than those who experience hemorrhagic strokes. Among the ischemic stroke categories, the greatest dangers are posed by embolic strokes, followed by large-artery (thrombotic) and lacunar strokes. Hemorrhagic stroke not only destroys brain cells, but it poses other complications as well, including increased pressure on the brain or spasms in the blood vessels, both of which can be very dangerous. Studies suggest, however, that survivors of hemorrhagic stroke had a greater chance for recovering function than those who suffered ischemic stroke.

Factors that Affect Quality of Life in Survivors

In 1999 1,100,000 Americans reported limitations in daily life because of stroke. Between 50% and 70% of people recover functional independence after a stroke. However, between 15% and 30% of those who survive either an ischemic or hemorrhage stroke suffer some permanent disability. On the encouraging side, one 1998 study reported that people who survived for many years after a stroke had a chance for independent living that was about the same as for their peers who had not suffered strokes. The stroke patients even appeared to be less depressed than the comparison group.

The National Institutes of Health (NIHSS) have devised a scoring system that helps predict the severity and outcome of the stroke by scoring 11 factors (levels of consciousness, gaze, visual fields, facial movement, motor functions in the arm and leg, coordination, sensory loss, problems with language, inability to articulate, and attention). Up to 70% of patients with ischemic strokes who score less than ten have a favorable outlook after a year, while only 4% to 16% of patients do well if their score is more than 20.

Factors Affecting Recurrence

The risk for recurring stroke is highest within the first few weeks and months. The risk is about 14% in the first year and about 5% thereafter, so preventive measures should be instituted as soon as possible. Some specific risk factors for early recurrence are the following:

• Being older.
• Having evidence of blocked arteries (a history of coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, ischemic stroke, or TIA).
• Having had a hemorrhagic or embolic stroke.
• Being diabetic.
• Having alcoholism.
• Having valvular heart disease.
• Having atrial fibrillation.