Alcoholism

Description

Therapy

The two standard forms of therapy for alcoholism are the following:

• Cognitive-behavioral therapy.
• Interactional group psychotherapy based on the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) 12-step program.

Some comparison studies have reported that these approaches are equally effective when the program was competently administered. One 2001 study suggested that in general, AA may have a better abstinence rate than cognitive-behavioral therapy. It is also less expensive. Specific people, however, may do better with one program than another. One study, for example, examined the differences in success rates on type 1 or type 2 alcoholics:

• People in the type 1 group did well with the 12-step approach. They did not do as well with cognitive-behavioral therapy. (Type 1 individuals become alcoholic at a later age, have less severe symptoms or fewer psychiatric problems, and have a better outlook on life than those classified as type 2. They are more likely to be women.)
• The people in the type 2 group tend to do better with cognitive-behavioral therapy. (Type 2 people are more likely to be male, become alcoholic at an early age, have a high family risk for alcoholism, have more severe symptoms, and have a negative outlook on life.)

This difference in response to the two forms of treatment held up after two years. Other studies have also reported that people with fewer psychiatric problems do best with the AA approach.

Interactional Group Psychotherapy (Alcoholics Anonymous)

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), founded in 1935, is an excellent example of interactional group psychotherapy and remains the most well known program for helping people with alcoholism. It offers a very strong support network using group meetings open seven days a week in locations all over the world. A buddy system, group understanding of alcoholism, and forgiveness for relapses are AA's standard methods for building self-worth and alleviating feelings of isolation.

AA's 12-step approach to recovery includes a spiritual component that might deter people who lack religious convictions. Prayer and meditation, however, have been known to be of great value in the healing process of many diseases, even in people with no particular religious assignation. AA emphasizes that the "higher power" component of its program need not refer to any specific belief system. Associated membership programs, Al-Anon and Alateen, offer help for family members and friends.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) uses a structured teaching approach and may be better than AA for people with severe alcoholism. Patients are given instruction and homework assignments intended to improve their ability to cope with basic living situations, control their behavior, and change the way they think about drinking. The following are examples of approaches:

• Patients might write a history of their drinking experiences and describe what they consider to be risky situations.
• They are then assigned activities to help them cope when exposed to "cues" (places or circumstances that trigger their desire to drink).
• Patients may also be given tasks that are designed to replace drinking. An interesting and successful example of such a program was one that enlisted patients in a softball team; this gave them the opportunity to practice coping skills, develop supportive relationships, and engage in healthy alternative activities.

CBT may be especially effective when used in combination with opioid antagonists, such as naltrexone. CBT that addresses alcoholism and depression also may be an important treatment for patients with both conditions. Interestingly, however, in one study patients with alcoholism and social phobias had a poorer outcome with a CBT program that addressed both problems.

Motivational Interviewing

A technique known as motivational interviewing is aimed at motivating people with alcoholism to change their own behavior. Studies suggest that it is very helpful in encouraging people to quit, even including those with mental illnesses. With this technique, the therapist uses empathy and a nonargumentative approach to encourage patients to make their own changes and to solve their own problems.

Behavioral Therapies for Partners

Partners of people with alcoholism can also benefit greatly from behavioral approaches that help them cope with their mate. Of note, children of an alcoholic mother or father may do better if both parents participate in couples-based therapy, rather than just treating the parent with alcoholism.

Treating Sleep Disturbances

Nearly all patients who are alcohol dependent suffer from insomnia and sleep problems, which can last months to years after abstinence. Sleep disturbances may even be important factors in relapse. Available therapies include sleep hygiene, bright light therapy, meditation, relaxation methods, and other nondrug approaches. Many medications for inducing sleep are not recommended in people with alcoholism. [For more information,see Well-Connected Report #27 Insomnia.]

Alternative Methods

Some people try alternative methods, such as acupuncture or hypnosis. Such approaches are not harmful. In one study acupuncture reduced the desire for alcohol in nearly half of people, although it was not significantly more helpful than conventional treatments.