Immunizations

Description

Alternative Names

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella

Measles. Measles, the most contagious of all human infections, used to be a very common childhood disease. Most cases resolve without serious complications. In severe cases, however, measles can cause pneumonia, and in about one out of 1,000 cases it can lead to encephalitis (inflammation in the brain) or death. The risk for these severe complications is highest in the very young and very old. In pregnant women, measles increases the rates for miscarriage and low birth weight and birth defects in their infants.

Measles outbreaks still occur in the United States, usually among groups that do not believe in immunizations or in areas where immunization levels have fallen below the critical level. It is a fairly serious childhood infection that is recognized by the rash (as seen here), Koplik spots, red eyes and photophobia, and coughing.

Aggressive vaccination programs have reduced the incidence of measles in the US to a low of 86 cases in 2000, most imported from other countries. Full-blown measles cases among unvaccinated children still remains a serious international problem, with 42 million cases and over one million deaths in small children each year.

Mumps. Mumps is at record lows in the US, with only 338 cases reported in 2000. In about 15% of cases, mumps affects the lining of the brain and spinal cord, although this is usually not ultimately harmful. Swelling of the testicles occurs in between 20% and 30% of males who have reached puberty, although sterility is rare. Deafness in one ear occurs in one patient out of 20,000 with mumps.

Click the icon to see an image of the meninges of the brain.

Rubella (German Measles). When rubella, commonly known as German measles, infects children or adults, it causes a mild illness that includes a rash, enlarged lymph nodes, and sometimes a fever. If a pregnant woman is infected during her first trimester, however, her baby has a 80% chance for developing birth defects, including heart abnormalities, cataracts, mental retardation, and deafness. Before the vaccine became available, about 56,000 cases of rubella occurred annually in the US. Vaccination programs have dramatically reduced the number of cases to a low of 176 in 2000, but between 6% and 11% of adults are still susceptible, particularly unvaccinated Hispanic Americans who were born outside of the US.

Click the icon to see an image of a cataract.

Click the icon to see an image of rubella.

Vaccines for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella

Safe and effective live-virus vaccines for measles, mumps, and rubella have been developed over recent decades. They are usually combined in children as the MMR vaccine. Individual live-virus vaccines or the combined MMR may be given to adults, depending on their risk factors.

Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Vaccine in Early Childhood. The combined MMR vaccine should be given in two doses:

• Between ages 12 and 15 months for the first dose. (Some experts believe that the vaccine may be effective and safe in children younger than 9 months who are in areas of measles outbreaks. It should be noted that there were only 86 reported cases of measles in the US in 1999.)
• Between ages four to six years for the second dose. (Children who receive only one dose at 15 months or older have five times the risk of measles compared to those who had two doses.)

Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Vaccine in Adolescents and Adults. The general recommendations for adult MMR vaccinations are as follows:

• Most people born before 1957 have experienced these once-common childhood diseases and dont require vaccination.
• All unvaccinated people born after 1956 who did not already have measles and mumps should be given two doses of the live MMR vaccine administered at least one month apart.
• Many people received an inactivated-measles-virus vaccine in the early 1960s or an inactivated-mumps-virus vaccine between 1950 and 1978; such people need revaccination with two doses of the live MMR vaccine. (This will cause no harm even if someone had a previous live-virus-mumps vaccination.)
• The American Academy of Pediatrics now recommends the live-virus MMR vaccine for HIV-infected children, adolescents, and young adults, except for those who are severely immunocompromised. At this time, however, the vaccine appears to be safe in HIV-infected children, and it should be stressed that measles is very dangerous in this population.

Rubella Vaccinations During Pregnancy. It is particularly important for any unvaccinated nonpregnant woman who wants children to be vaccinated against rubella. It is recommended that women wait at least 28 days after vaccination to start trying to conceive. Except under very special circumstances, no live-virus vaccine, especially MMR, is given to an already pregnant woman, since there is a theoretical risk for birth defects from the rubella vaccine. Fortunately, the risk is low. In fact, studies have reported no increase in birth defects in women who were inadvertently vaccinated for rubella early in their pregnancy.

Side Effects of Live Measles Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Vaccines

Common side effects from the MMR vaccination include fever, rash, and joint pain. Children are more likely to experience such side effects from the second dose (at 10 to 12 years) than from the first (at four to six years).

Fever. About 5% to 15% of people who are vaccinated with any live measles virus vaccine develop a fever of 103 degrees or greater, usually between five and 15 days after the vaccination. It usually lasts one or two days but can persist up to five days. In very young children, seizures can occur from high fever eight to 14 days after vaccination, but they are rare and almost never have any long-term effects.

Swollen Glands. The live-mumps vaccine can cause mild swelling in the glands that are situated near the ears.

Joint Pain. Up to 25% of women have joint pain one to three weeks after a vaccination with a live-rubella virus; it lasts for one day to three weeks. Such pain does not usually interrupt daily activities. Rarely, it recurs or becomes persistent.

Allergic Reaction. People who have known anaphylactic allergies (very severe reactions) to eggs or neomycin are at high risk for a severe allergic response to the MMR vaccine. People with allergies that do not cause anaphylactic shock to these substances are not at higher risk for a serious allergic reaction to the vaccine. Mild allergic reactions may occur in some people, including rash and itching. A rash occurs in about 5% of people who are vaccinated with a live-measles vaccine. A live-mumps vaccination has caused rash and itching, but these symptoms are usually mild.

Interaction with Tuberculosis Test. The live-measles vaccine may interfere with a tuberculosis test, so the two should be administered at least four to six weeks apart. No evidence exists that the vaccine has an adverse effect on tuberculosis itself.

Mild Infection. One study suggests that a mild form of measles that has no symptoms may develop in previously immunized people who are exposed to the virus, although this mild infection may not be significant.

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP). In about one in 22,300 doses, MMR can cause a rare bleeding disorder called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). This can cause a purple bruise-like discoloration's that can spread across the body, nose bleeds, or tiny red spots. It is nearly always mild and temporary. (Of note, the risk for ITP is much higher with the actual infections, particularly rubella.)

Note: Unsubstantiated Reports of Neurologic Side Effects and Decline in Immunization. Much controversy has arisen over unsubstantiated reports of neurologic side effects attributable to MMR. This is of great concern since such reports have resulted in a decline in immunizations in certain areas, notably affluent areas in England where the vaccination rate has dropped from 92% in 1996 to 84% currently. Here, measles outbreaks are now climbing and experts fear that unless immunization rates increase rapidly, case numbers will significant increase. In these and other regions, some parents mistakenly believe that the dangers of immunization outweigh a dangerous childhood illness that only older people remember. It should be strongly noted that measles still cause about 745,000 deaths in unvaccinated children who live in underdeveloped countries, mostly Africa.

Most publicity has centered on a possible link between the MMR vaccine, which was introduced in 1988, and a variant of autism that includes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and impaired behavioral development. Such findings have been rigorously reviewed and refuted in a number of well-conducted studies. Of special note, a 2002 analysis of vaccination records of children born between 1979 and 1998 found no higher incidence in autism, with or without behavioral problems and gastrointestinal disorders. In the study, there was a link between impaired behavioral development and bowel problems, but they were not related to the vaccine. (The popular media has incorrectly reported the possible link between autism and MMR as causing a split in the scientific community, but virtually all experts refute any association. In fact, reports of symptoms related to autism increased only after widespread publicity of this supposed side effect.

Click the icon to see an image of inflammatory bowel disease.