Menstruation: Absent Periods (Amenorrhea)

Description

Alternative Names

Complications

Many conditions that cause amenorrhea, such as ovulation abnormalities, are major contributors to infertility. Irregular periods from any cause make it more difficult to conceive. In some cases treating the underlying condition can restore fertility. In other cases, specific fertility treatments that employ assisted reproductive technologies may be beneficial. [For details, see Well-Connected Report #22 Infertility in Women.]

Osteoporosis

Amenorrhea caused by reduced estrogen levels increases the risk for osteoporosis (loss of bone density). Conditions that are associated with low estrogen levels include eating disorders, the female-athlete triad (excessive exercise and weight loss), pituitary tumors, premature ovarian failure, and possibly irregular periods associated with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Because bone growth is at its peak in adolescence and young adulthood, losing bone density at that time is very dangerous and early diagnosis and treatment is essential for long-term health. [For more information, see Well-Connected Report Osteoporosis.]

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by progressive loss of bone density, thinning of bone tissue and increased vulnerability to fractures. Osteoporosis may result from disease, dietary or hormonal deficiency or advanced age. Regular exercise and vitamin and mineral supplements can reduce and even reverse loss of bone density.

Complications of Conditions That Cause Secondary Amenorrhea

Many of the conditions that cause amenorrhea have other serious complications.

Complications of Polycystic Ovaries. For example, polycystic ovary syndrome is associated not only with infertility but also with a higher risk for endometrial (uterine) cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. Women who are overweight are at particular risk for heart disease.

Hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism, another common cause of amenorrhea, carries serious physical and mental risks.